The Real Enemy of Civilization

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Yicheng · Apr 10, 2025
Yicheng Commonweal has written over a hundred articles, aiming to awaken the public’s fundamental understanding of goodness, virtue, civilization, ignorance, love, and progress. We originally thought that many misunderstandings and indifference stemmed from a lack of awareness. However, after engaging with more people, we discovered that for some, their evil is intentional, a disguise crafted […]

Yicheng Commonweal has written over a hundred articles, aiming to awaken the public’s fundamental understanding of goodness, virtue, civilization, ignorance, love, and progress. We originally thought that many misunderstandings and indifference stemmed from a lack of awareness. However, after engaging with more people, we discovered that for some, their evil is intentional, a disguise crafted under the guise of refined egoism.

Introduction

The development of civilization has never been smooth. Rather, it has always been shaped through a series of conflicts and power struggles that adjust its course.

At every stage, it is often those who are unwilling to accept the status quo, who hold ideals, and who take action that drive civilization forward. However, there is also always a group of “vampires” and “parasites” who excel at exploiting, attaching themselves, and draining resources, obstructing the advancement of civilization.

This conflict is not just a clash of values and interests. More profoundly, it reflects the struggle between humanity’s inner spiritual pursuits and the external societal systems.

While this struggle is fraught with challenges, it is also a crucial driving force for the evolution and purification of civilization.

The public needs to clearly recognize who is laying the foundation for civilization and who is eroding its roots.

I. The Craftsmen and Builders of Civilization: The Backbone of an Era

Civilization builders are those groups who fight for the public good and long-term values.

They can be scientists, educators, engineers, doctors, farmers, workers, or even reformers, system designers, and intellectual pioneers.

They build cities with their hands, design systems with their wisdom, uphold justice with their passion, and inspire faith with their souls.

From the mudbrick builders of ancient Babylon to the craftsmen of the Han and Tang dynasties, the thinkers of the Renaissance, and today’s practitioners working on the frontlines of research and infrastructure, these individuals are the driving force of civilization. They are the true authors of human history.

Their contributions are often invisible, but without them, civilization would be nothing more than a house of cards.

However, their contributions often go unrewarded and are frequently overlooked. They are most commonly labeled as the “silent majority,” quietly working away without seeking power or personal gain.

While they are the ones who build systems, they are not always the ones who control them. In practice, they are often marginalized, and their value is rarely acknowledged or addressed within the existing frameworks.

II. Social Exploiters and Parasites in the Cracks of the System

In contrast to civilization builders, there is a group of system opportunists. They excel at extracting excess profits from the gaps in the system, yet rarely contribute directly to the core values of civilization’s progress.

These groups may come from privileged capital, nepotistic networks, financial speculation, or they may disguise their self-interests under the guise of public welfare or freedom while engaging in hidden exchanges of benefits.

Their strength lies not in building, but in navigating the gray areas of the rules. They are skilled at packaging “injustice” as “legitimacy” and using public discourse to suppress true creators.

In the narratives they control, “efficiency” is often used to overshadow fairness, “profit-seeking” is presented as “human nature,” and the pursuit of short-term returns becomes the direction encouraged by the system.

Meanwhile, those who create long-term value often struggle to secure the resources and platform they deserve. As a result, power is concentrated in the hands of a few, while the social returns drift further away from the true value creators.

When social resources are excessively concentrated among these structural profiteers, the fairness of the incentive system is eroded, and the wisdom and efforts of builders go unrecognized and unrewarded. This damages the very foundation of civilization’s development.

III. The Struggle of Civilization: A Tug-of-War Between Progress and Regression

The relationship between builders and exploiters is not a static, binary opposition, but rather a dynamic tension within the evolving social structure. At certain historical moments, the constructive forces take the lead, driving institutional innovation and societal progress.

For instance, the formation of modern nation-states, the legal reforms spurred by the Industrial Revolution, and the establishment of representative democracy and welfare systems are all products of the builders’ dominance.

However, history also reveals another cyclical pattern: once certain groups accumulate dominant resources within the system, they may lean toward using institutionalized methods to protect their interests, ultimately suppressing reform.

This phenomenon is especially clear during the end of feudal dynasties, the resource exploitation in the colonial era, and in some stages of extreme financial liberalization. In these situations, the system becomes a tool that protects the interests of a small group, leading to concentrated resources, misaligned power, and reduced social mobility.

Therefore, the development of civilization is not a straight path forward. Instead, it is a process where builders continuously try to break through fixed structures and reshape society.

At the same time, those who benefit from the current system and unbalanced structures do not act as revolutionaries. Instead, they enter the system as “protectors,” “experts,” “elites,” or “stabilizing forces.”

Their actions, though cloaked in the name of legality, may gradually weaken the openness and sustainability of the system.

This is the deeper logic behind the tragedy of civilization: parasites do not create civilization, yet they can define it; they do not build the rules, yet they control the interpretation of those rules; they do not work to solve problems, yet they shape the distribution structure.

In the struggle of civilization, the most dangerous moments are often not when violent external enemies attack, but when there is a slow internal erosion. It is the process by which civilization gradually drifts away from its core values—a form of “self-denial of inner civilization.”

This does not immediately lead to war or revolution, but it continuously distorts social values, weakens institutional credibility, and erodes public trust, until the entire civilization loses its sense of direction and ability to regenerate.

1. “Hollowing Out” Civilization: From Plundering Material Wealth to Controlling the Mind

In the early stages, exploiters focused on the plundering of material wealth—land monopolies, tax exploitation, and resource control. However, in modern society, their tactics have shifted towards the “soft control” of culture, institutions, and human hearts.

  • They reshape educational systems and social evaluation standards to encourage young people to pursue short-term gains and glorify superficial achievements, while undervaluing practice, patience, and social responsibility.
  • By influencing the media and public discourse, they create information chaos, marginalizing serious discussions and rational public thought. This in turn makes emotional manipulation and division become the mainstream strategy for spreading ideas.
  • Through lobbying and institutional design, they gradually adjust legal frameworks to favor the interests of specific groups.
  • Even in traditional areas that carry the public spirit—such as religion, philosophy, and public welfare—they “industrialize” moral discourse through symbolic packaging and capital operations.

As this trend develops, the core systems of civilization—its language, value structures, and power mechanisms—may experience a phenomenon of being “softly taken over.” The system continues to operate, but its direction has quietly shifted.

At this point, those truly committed to knowledge production, technological progress, and ethical maintenance—the “builders”—are often gradually marginalized.

Their language seems “out of fashion” and does not align with “trends.” Their beliefs are mocked as “idealism,” and their actions are seen as “inefficient” or even “unrealistic.”

Meanwhile, a deep paradox quietly takes shape in society: those who work hardest to push society forward are the ones who receive the least recognition and support. On the other hand, those most skilled at avoiding responsibility, manipulating systems, and extracting public resources are increasingly seen as “success models,” and they dominate the direction of social values.

2. The Turn-Based Fate of Civilization: The Craftsman Phase vs. The Parasitic Phase

Throughout history, civilization often follows a “turn-based” rhythm: one phase is led by the “craftsman spirit of civilization,” where innovation, hard work, fairness, and progress become the mainstream values of society.

However, when the achievements of the system accumulate to a certain point, parasites swarm in, attaching themselves to it, cashing in on its value, and disrupting its balance.

We can observe two relatively typical cyclical trends:

The construction phase of civilization: This phase is usually characterized by high investment and a strong focus on public ideals. During this time, the system encourages innovation and collaboration, and society recognizes those who invest in the future, such as scientists, engineers, and institutional reformers. Historical examples include the Renaissance, the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, and the formation of democratic states.

The decline or solidification phase of civilization: This phase often sees excessive resource concentration and distorted systems, with vested interests maintaining their advantage through structural arrangements, causing the overall vitality of society to gradually decrease. Examples of this include the late stages of feudal dynasties, the end of colonial empire expansions, or modern stages of highly financialized capitalism, where “inefficiency and concentrated power” are common characteristics.

Between the “construction phase” and the “parasitic phase,” there often emerges a critical stage known as the “structural decline window.” The typical characteristics of this period are:

  • The economy appears to grow on the surface, but innovation capacity stagnates.
  • The institutional framework remains intact, but public trust significantly declines.
  • Material conditions are relatively abundant, yet societal anxiety and insecurity increase.
  • Public discourse becomes more active, but consensus on spiritual and value-based matters gradually dissolves.

During this transitional period, the direction of civilization’s development often faces a critical choice:
Either, constructive forces come together again, driving new institutional reforms and a rebuilding of values, leading society into a new upward cycle.
Or, entrenched interest structures become further solidified, triggering a prolonged systemic decline, ultimately resulting in social fragmentation, governance failure, and even the erosion of the very foundation of civilization.

3. Who will end the parasitism: the need for institutional reconstruction and spiritual reboot

To break the cycle of parasitism in civilization, two profound reforms must be carried out simultaneously:

  • First, a systemic reconstruction at the institutional level: This means fundamentally improving the mechanisms of power operation and resource distribution, minimizing the space for institutional abuse.
  • Second, a cultural update at the value level: This involves rebuilding society’s respect for honesty, creativity, responsibility, and dedication, making the “builder spirit” the core societal value once again. This requires not only a deepening of educational content and the reshaping of public culture but also a profound awakening of public consciousness—recognizing that what truly weakens the vitality of civilization is not technological backwardness or resource scarcity, but systemic parasites.

When society collectively realizes: Those who do not create value should not control society; those who do not put in effort should not hold power.

When the true craftsmen and builders of civilization stop being silent and instead actively speak out, organize, and take action, civilization may finally break free from the endless cycle of being parasitized, and enter a truly autonomous and sustainable development phase.

IV. The modern dilemma: Who is building, and who is exploiting?

As humanity enters the 21st century, civilization stands at an unprecedented height—frequent technological breakthroughs, fast information transmission, and close global interconnectedness. However, behind the light of civilization, new shadows are cast.

The polarization of social structures has not narrowed with the spread of knowledge and institutional progress. Instead, it has become more structured and harder to change.

In this era, the question of “who is building and who is exploiting” is no longer just a matter of class division, but a functional differentiation within a complex system. It represents a new struggle between labor and exploitation, creation and speculation, public spirit and private self-interest.

Technological achievements should be a shared benefit for humanity, but at the intermediary level of capital and institutional design, their distribution is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few, even turning into a tool for “secondary exploitation of creators.”

For example, many startups, after being acquired, see their core ideas shelved or destroyed, leaving behind only profits from capital operations. In the platform economy, algorithms exploit millions of workers, while data and profits are controlled by a handful of major platform operators.

1. The New Form of Parasites: The Institutional Architects of Legalized Exploitation

Contemporary social parasites, unlike the historical exploiters who relied on violence, privilege, or family identity, are more “modernized.” Cloaked in the guise of “entrepreneurs,” “market experts,” and “public opinion leaders,” they use systems like law, finance, media, think tanks, and education to legitimize their extraction mechanisms.

These parasites have several distinct characteristics:

  • Mastering the Definition of “Success”: By controlling the media and educational systems, they shape the narrative that success equals “capital gain” and “social status,” making hard workers and creators appear as “failures.”
  • Expert at Systemic Arbitrage: By mastering the intricacies of systems, they exploit legal loopholes to avoid taxes, cash out, and engage in insider trading, thereby accumulating disproportionate wealth.
  • Control of Resource Gateways: They control key resource distribution rights, such as land approvals, financial permits, and public project resources, turning them into long-term power benefits.
  • Self-Legitimization Through Philanthropy: They use tools like establishing foundations, think tanks, and multinational cooperative programs to beautify their actions, covering up their erosion of institutional and societal values.

This group is not overtly anti-social; in fact, they actively seek to “fit in”—appearing at charitable events, donating to academic causes, and speaking out on environmental issues.

However, it is precisely these individuals who “alienate” the essence of civilization: no longer is it a collective effort to build a shared future for the public, but rather a mere preservation of vested interests in its formal sense.

2. The Marginalized Builders: The Silent Backbone of Society

Compared to the highly visible and influential parasites, the true builders of civilization—philosophers, teachers, engineers, grassroots doctors, entrepreneurs, social workers—are often marginalized. They are “underestimated,” “underpaid,” and “disrespected,” yet they perform functions that are indispensable to the operation of the system.

In many countries, the most crucial public professions are also the ones with the weakest bargaining power. A scientist might spend a decade developing a breakthrough material, only to find it overshadowed by the profit of a viral product. A primary school educator bears the weight of shaping the next generation’s spirit, but struggles just to make a living.

The neglect of the builder class is not only a matter of distribution, but also a matter of symbolism: it symbolizes a shift in the spiritual center of civilization, where the system no longer honors creation but instead rewards manipulation.

3. Systemic Parasitism from a Global Perspective: From Nation-States to Super-Capital Entities

Globalization has not yet led to the balanced structure of a shared human destiny as initially envisioned. Instead, in many instances, it has evolved into a new form of colonial system—not through military occupation but via capital control, debt chains, and data dominance.

  • Countries in the “Global South” are now placed on low-price positions within the raw materials chain, while high-value-added products and financial systems are firmly controlled by the “Global North.”
    The intellectual property system increasingly serves to suppress innovation rather than promote it, with tech giants monopolizing global digital rights.
  • The intellectual property system increasingly serves to suppress innovation rather than promote it, with tech giants monopolizing global digital rights.
  • Multinational corporations have become “super parasites,” feeding off the world while avoiding taxes in their home countries, exploiting weaker nations, and lobbying for political systems that favor their own interests.

This represents a new issue for global civilization: it is not a conflict between different civilizations, but a clash between global parasitic mechanisms and global constructive efforts. The former is invisible yet powerful, while the latter is tangible but isolated.

V. Reconstructing the Future of Civilization: Ending the Parasitic Mechanism

The history of civilization should not be a continuous tragic cycle: construction, parasitism, corruption, collapse, and reconstruction, followed by more parasitism. If, with all the advanced knowledge, information technology, and governance tools available in the 21st century, humanity continues to repeat these old patterns, it will be a self-betrayal that history cannot forgive.

What we need is not just reform, but a complete reconstruction of civilization. This requires severing the roots of parasitic structures at the institutional level and awakening the builders’ mindset to once again become the guiding force of society. Only then can the “craftsmen of civilization” truly become the heart of society, rather than remaining as invisible gears in the machinery.

1. Establishing Anti-Parasitic Institutional Mechanisms: Transparency, Accountability, and Anti-Incentives

First and foremost, we need to establish systematic “anti-parasitic mechanisms” at the institutional level. These mechanisms should deprive parasitic behaviors in society of their fertile ground and create continuous institutional disincentives for parasites.

  • Complete Transparency in Resource Distribution: Key resources such as public finance, land approval, project bidding, and research funding should be governed by real-time, publicly accessible tracking systems. This will close any loopholes in the system that might enable rent-seeking and prevent resources from being siphoned off by a few.
  • Reconstructing the “Legitimacy of Wealth” Review System: Wealth should no longer be presumed to be legitimate simply because it is owned. Instead, we must trace the public contributions made during the accumulation of wealth, and impose high “anti-system use taxes” on wealth derived from institutional manipulation.
  • Introducing a “Civilizational Liability Balance Sheet” Mechanism: This mechanism should not only assess the economic contributions of businesses and individuals but also evaluate their systemic impacts on social ethics, ecology, labor relations, and other sectors. Parasites in this system will find it impossible to get credits or resource support.

True institutional justice is not about the illusion of equal distribution, but about distinguishing between “value creation” and “systemic extraction” in evaluations and using this distinction to guide rewards and penalties.

2. Rebuilding Public Spirit: Cultural and Educational Value Realignment

While institutional reform is crucial, without the internalization of public spirit, it will eventually degenerate into formalized “paper policies.” Therefore, the cultural and educational systems must be the core support for the reconstruction of civilization.

Rebuilding Education’s Mission with the “Public Builder Spirit”

The core of education should no longer focus on “success” defined by fame and profit, but instead, it should return to cultivating a sense of responsibility, honesty, creativity, and civic awareness. The “creators of public value”—whether they are teachers, researchers, grassroots engineers—should be held up as societal role models, replacing the individual hero narrative of the “winner-takes-all” mentality.

Cultural Resources Shifting Toward Practicality and Creativity

Through policy support and platform guidance, mainstream culture should encourage positive narratives around craftsmanship, scientific exploration, and grassroots laborers. These individuals should gain the respect and visibility they deserve in film, media, and public discourse, rather than being marginalized as the “silent majority” or mere “functional tools.”

Rebuilding an Independent and Rational Public Cultural Ecosystem

Breaking the dominance of cultural capital-driven single-narrative frameworks, we must support the development of public media, independent publishing, and knowledge-based communities, granting more space for diverse voices to be heard. This will help detach culture from excessive commercialization and return it to rational discourse, making it the “engine of thought” that drives social consensus and institutional advancement.

Without a cultural layer of “social civilization re-education,” parasitic structures will merely disguise themselves in new, more sophisticated forms and continue to counterattack.

3. Reshaping Social Structure: Resource Redistribution Centered on Constructive Functions

Rebuilding the structure of civilization is not about simply “redistributing the cake,” but about designing the flow of resources based on the creativity and sustainability of social functions. In other words—those who contribute to society’s sustainable development should be the ones who receive more support.

  • Establish a “civilizational-supporting professions” system of security: for fields like education, healthcare, basic research, environmental protection, and public services, set up long-term investment and institutional incentive systems to prevent these professions from being marginalized under the commercial return-oriented model. These careers may not produce immediate results, but they are the foundation of long-term societal stability and the leap toward a higher civilization.
  • Encourage long-term investment capital: promote the shift of the capital market toward “patient capital,” offering tax and policy incentives to those investing in long-term research and foundational industries, and creating a priority system for “social construction investors.”
  • Use the “social production function” instead of “market pricing” as the standard for distribution: introduce public economic indicators and social welfare functions into resource decision-making, to prevent market signals from misleading the social structure systematically.

The essence of structure does not lie in the concentration of wealth, but in whether the flow of resources serves public construction and the welfare of the people.

4. A Global Framework for Civilizational Collaboration

In the context of globalization, the reconstruction of civilization cannot be limited to a single country, as the parasitic mechanisms will continue to expand in more covert transnational forms. A global system of collaboration to confront these issues must be established:

  • Reconstruct the global governance power structure: Break the control of a few powerful nations over discourse and institutional rules. Create a global “builders’ alliance” platform for discourse, and push for developing countries to have more leadership in resource design and technological cooperation.
  • Establish a “Global Anti-Parasitism Treaty”: Through international agreements, limit the systematic exploitation of labor and resources by multinational corporations, and curb the global spread of “legally unjust” practices.
  • Promote cross-cultural integration of constructive values: Foster mutual understanding and co-building of values among different civilizations, creating a “shared construction ethics” that transcends ideology.

Only by exposing “global parasites” and enabling “global civilization builders” to work in unison, can humanity truly enter a future of co-construction and shared prosperity.

5. Activating Social Construction Organizations: From the Silent Majority to an Actionable Community

Lastly, and most fundamentally, is the need to activate the self-organizing power of civilization builders. If these builders remain silent, fragmented, and isolated, no matter how just the systems and values may be, they will struggle to form substantial checks and balances against parasitic mechanisms.

  • Build a Civilization Builders’ Alliance and Artisan Citizens’ Community: Connect the practical, creative, and responsible individuals across various fields to form a new public discourse and collective organizational capacity. In fact, “Yicheng Commonweal” is such an organization.
  • Support Anti-Parasitism Citizen Movements: Encourage the use of legal, peaceful, and sustainable methods to expose and confront parasitic structures, promoting gradual institutional change rather than violent rupture.
  • Create Builder-Led Digital Spaces and Financial Systems: Build decentralized collaboration platforms and distributed financing systems to break the parasitic control over platforms and credit.

The fate of civilization ultimately does not rest in the hands of the “rulers,” but in the hands of the countless grounded, hard-working artisans.

Conclusion: Who Owns Civilization? Who Determines the Future?

“What does civilization belong to?” This is not just a philosophical question; it is the fundamental choice regarding the future of civilization.

Civilization should belong to those who work quietly, who stay grounded, bear responsibility, and ignite hope—those who, even in the gaps of the system, persist in goodness, uphold justice, and are not swayed by profit. These are the builders of society.

However, the reality is often the opposite. Power over discourse and distribution lies in the hands of a few who excel at manipulating systems and exploiting outcomes. The parasites do not create, yet they define order; they do not contribute, yet they control the rules.

This is a regression of civilization and a significant risk to the human spirit.

Today, we face not only technological and ecological challenges but also the disarray of values and systems. In a world dominated by attention and capital manipulation, the builders have grown silent, and the foundation of civilization is quietly eroding.

But the course of history is never merely a matter of fate—it is also a matter of choice.

The future does not belong to the manipulators but to the builders. The direction of civilization should be written by those who create.

Let us return “the key to civilization” to those who truly deserve it.

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活着的两种面貌:民主与苟活

Yicheng · Mar 28, 2025

生而为人,“活着”不止是生理上的延续生命,还指向一种精神与灵魂的成长。然而,在文明的不同阶段,“活着”的意义却呈现出天壤之别。 有的人活在恐惧中、奴役中、欺骗中,只为苟全性命于乱世,不问是非;有的人则活在觉醒中、尊严中、参与中,为了自由与权利而不惜抗争。 在现实的社会结构中,“苟且的活着”与“民主的活着”不是抽象的哲学对照,而是真实存在于国家制度、历史进程与人性深处的两种状态。 一、苟且的活着:奴性的制度温床 “苟且的活着”并非个人懦弱的简单体现,它是历史上长期专制体制、等级制度与意识形态钳制下的普遍产物。在这种状态下,人的生存被压缩为一具肉体的延续,剥离了自由、尊严与主体性。 在许多文明史中,封建帝制往往构建起了“苟且”这一制度温床。例如,中国自秦汉以来的中央集权制、罗马帝国晚期的军政统治,乃至20世纪极权国家对思想与言论的全面封锁,都制造了大量“沉默的多数”。 这些人没有权利、没有声音,无法表达自我,只能选择服从——这并非出于信仰,而是出于恐惧。 苟且的活着也伴随着人的精神堕落。当人们长期生活在专制文化中,渐渐内化为“明哲保身”“识时务者为俊杰”“多一事不如少一事”的处世哲学。这种精神麻醉是比肉体压迫更为深刻的剥夺,它侵蚀了人作为社会主体的判断力和行动力,最终人不再思考“为什么活着”,只思考“怎么活下去”。 二、民主的活着:公民尊严与权利的觉醒 与之对照,“民主的活着”则是公民意识觉醒的产物,是一种建立在权利保障、制度参与与言论自由之上的生存状态。在这里,“活着”不仅是肉体的存续,更是一种具有选择权、表达权、参与权的生活。 1. 制度的保障:自由不是抽象理想 西方民主制度的发展,尤其以18世纪启蒙运动与美国、法国革命为分水岭,标志着“民主的活着”从思想走向制度。从卢梭的《社会契约论》到林肯的“民有、民治、民享”,民主制度将个体从臣民变为公民,使他们获得参与国家治理的权利。即使在制度不完美的现实中,民主国家的公民依然拥有挑战体制的合法路径与公开表达不满的权利。 2. 精神的自觉:公民社会的生成 民主不仅仅是制度形式,更是一种深层的文化与精神氛围。在一个成熟的民主社会中,个体具有对真理的追求、对正义的敏感、对他人权利的尊重。他们敢于批判政府,也乐于承担公共责任;他们拥有多元的价值观,也愿意通过对话达成共识。 三、苟且与民主:历史与现实的交错 历史并非非黑即白,苟且与民主往往共存于同一社会不同层面。在现代国家中,即便表面上实行民主制度,也可能存在隐性的思想审查、经济垄断与阶级压迫,使部分人仍在“苟且”中生活。 而某些制度封闭的国家,也可能出现底层民众追求民主的抗争,如阿拉伯之春、香港“雨伞运动”等等。 就算在民主制度已经相对成熟的国家,经济下行时,也常常面临极权思想、法西斯思想卷土重来的风险,特别是在社会不安定、民众失业率上升、贫富差距加剧时。这些思想通过激化社会分裂、煽动仇恨与恐惧,往往能够在民众中找到某种程度的支持,进而威胁到民主制度的根基。 毋庸置疑,现行的民主制度仍然存在不少漏洞。比如,技术垄断与资本异化也正在塑造一种“伪民主”的状态——人们看似拥有选择权,实则被算法控制、消费绑架、媒体操控。 民主的“形式”愈发普遍,而民主的“实质”却被不断稀释,这种结构性的异化正使部分民主社会重新滑入“苟且”的陷阱。 四、人性剖析:为何苟且比民主更容易? 苟且之所以普遍,不仅因为制度的压迫,还因为人性中的惰性。面对复杂的社会、风险和责任,很多人宁愿选择服从、沉默或逃避。这是一种对“自由”的恐惧。海德格尔称之为“虚无中的沉沦”,意思是当人们面对生活的荒谬时,他们选择放弃自我,融入庸常的群体。 而民主的活着,则需要主体性、思考能力、判断力、道德勇气、不断学习与政治参与,这对人类来说是一条更自由的路,但也充满了艰难。托克维尔早在《论美国的民主》中就指出,自由制度对公民品格的要求远高于专制制度,因为它要求每个人都成为自己的“国王”,去掌控自己的生活,积极构建更好的社会环境。 结语:文明的十字路口 当我们谈论“活着”的方式,其实是在选择一种文明的方向。是继续苟且于控制、奴役与沉默之中?还是昂首走向权利、尊严与公共责任的生活方式?这不仅是每一个国家制度的问题,更是我们这个时代全人类的抉择。 “苟且”是历史的沉积物,也是人性的退缩,“苟且的活着”终将导致文明的停滞甚至倒退。而“民主”则是文明的跃升,也是人类对自我本质的回应。 “民主的活着”虽艰难,却是文明得以延续与升华的唯一道路。 愿我们每一个人,都不再满足于被活着,而是开始有尊严、有判断地活着。这是文明的方向,也是人性的召唤。

苛政才是使天下大乱、生灵涂炭的根源

Yicheng · Mar 27, 2025

国家的建立本是为了维护社会秩序,保障人民的基本生存权。然而,历史却反复证明,政府的存在本身并不必然带来安定,反而在许多情况下,政府的制度不公、统治者施行苛政,最终导致社会动荡,生灵涂炭。 中国古人云:“苛政猛于虎。” 一个制度残酷、政府腐败、权力滥用的政府,比无政府状态可怕多了。 无政府状态未必会导致全面崩溃,而苛政却往往让社会陷入真正的深渊,使百姓生活在无休止的压迫与苦难之中。 观察历史我们可以得出三个结论: 1. 有政府也可能导致天下大乱、生灵涂炭——历史上不乏政府本身成为社会动荡根源的例子。 2. 无政府未必导致全面崩溃——某些历史时期,缺乏中央政府的社会仍然能够维持相对的稳定。 3. 苛政才是真正天下大乱、生灵涂炭的根源——当制度走向极端,政府的暴政比无政府状态更具毁灭性。 一、政府的存在并不必然带来稳定 政府的建立,理论上是为了管理社会、维护秩序,但历史却屡次证明,当政府施行苛政、腐败横行或滥用权力时,政府本身反而成为社会动荡的根源。许多社会并非因无政府状态而崩溃,而是因政府的暴政和腐败而陷入深重灾难。 以下几个历史实例,清晰地展示了“有政府但依然天下大乱”的现实。 秦朝的暴政与灭亡 秦始皇统一六国后,建立了中央集权制度,这本应是一种维护秩序的举措。然而,他的统治极端专制,施行严刑峻法,徭役繁重,百姓负担极其沉重。“焚书坑儒”的文化专制,连同沉重的赋税和苦役,使民怨沸腾。 秦二世继位后,继续推行高压统治,不仅无力缓解社会矛盾,反而加剧了人民的痛苦。最终,陈胜吴广领导的农民起义爆发,全国各地响应,秦朝统治迅速崩溃,陷入战乱。 这场动乱不仅终结了秦朝的统治,也使无数百姓在战乱中死去。事实证明,即便政府强大,若施行苛政,也无法避免天下大乱。 纳粹德国与日本军国主义的灾难 二战期间,纳粹德国和日本军国主义政府本应保护人民,维持社会稳定,但它们却选择了极端政策,发动侵略战争,导致世界大战,造成数千万无辜平民的死亡。 这些政府的存在不仅未能带来稳定,反而成为全球范围的灾难制造者。纳粹德国在战争末期,政府垮台,国家分裂,人民承受了战火的毁灭;日本在战败后,国内经济崩溃,社会陷入严重混乱。 政府的暴政不仅会导致社会动荡,还会造成大规模死亡和经济衰退。例如: 这些案例清楚地表明,政府的存在并不意味着稳定,如果政府的制度是残酷和不公的,它反而会成为生灵涂炭的最大推手。 二、无政府状态也能保持相对稳定 许多人认为无政府状态意味着混乱和暴力,但事实并非如此。无政府状态是否导致社会崩溃,取决于社会的治理结构和文化背景。 如果一个社会依赖自治、传统习惯法和社区合作,它可能仍然保持相对稳定。 历史上有很多相关的案例: 1. 中世纪欧洲的封建自治体系 西罗马帝国灭亡后,欧洲进入了缺乏中央集权政府的时代。然而,社会并未完全崩溃,而是通过封建领主、教会、行会等组织维持秩序。尽管战争频繁,但并未出现全面的生灵涂炭。 2. 索马里兰的无政府自治 1991年,索马里政府垮台,全国陷入无政府状态。然而,索马里兰地区依靠部落传统和地方自治,成功维持了相对稳定,避免了全国性的混乱。 3. 瑞士的高度自治 瑞士是世界上最稳定的国家之一,地方自治程度极高,联邦政府权力有限。这种“接近无政府”的模式,使瑞士成为全球最安全、最富裕的国家之一。 从这些历史案例可以看出,社会是否陷入混乱,并不取决于政府的存在与否,而是社会治理体系是否合理。如果人们能够通过自治和合作维持秩序,即使在无政府状态下,社会仍然可以维持稳定。 三、苛政不如没有政府 历史上,许多国家之所以陷入持续动荡和生灵涂炭的困境,并不是因为无政府状态,而是因为政府本身施行了极端残酷和压迫性的制度。苛政不仅不能维持秩序,反而会引发社会矛盾,使国家陷入动荡,最终导致生灵涂炭。 一个政府的权力如果没有制衡,就容易走向暴政。当政府的统治者为了维持自身的权力地位,不断加重对人民的压迫,甚至动用暴力镇压人民的反抗时,社会矛盾就会越来越激化,最终导致整个社会崩溃,甚至引发全国性的战争。 以下是一些历史案例: 法国大革命:贵族的剥削引发全国动荡 18世纪的法国,贵族和皇室掌握着大量财富,而普通人民则被高额税赋压得喘不过气来。政府不仅不考虑社会改革,反而加强对底层民众的压榨。 最终,民怨彻底爆发,法国大革命席卷全国,国王路易十六被送上断头台,整个国家陷入长时间的动荡。虽然革命最终催生了新的社会制度,但整个过程充满了混乱和血腥,人民的生活并未立刻改善。真正导致法国陷入动荡的,并不是无政府状态,而是旧制度的极端不公。 刚果自由邦:殖民暴政导致数百万生灵涂炭 刚果自由邦(1885-1908)是比利时国王利奥波德二世的私人殖民地,在他的极端残暴统治下,数百万刚果人死于强迫劳动、饥饿、疾病和屠杀。以“文明化”为幌子,刚果被变成榨取橡胶和象牙的血汗工厂,不完成配额者会被砍手、砍脚,甚至全村遭屠杀。比利时政府和欧洲列强长期默许,直到1908年才接管刚果。利奥波德二世积累巨额财富,而刚果人民陷入贫困和社会崩溃,暴政的长期影响至今未消。 这个例子表明,一个残暴政府比无政府状态更可怕,因为它能够系统性地镇压和剥削,使整个社会陷入深渊。 结论:政府不是问题的根源,制度才是关键 从历史的角度来看,天下大乱和生灵涂炭的根本原因,并不在于政府的存在与否,而在于政府的制度是否合理。如果一个政府施行苛政,它不仅无法维持社会秩序,反而会成为社会动荡的直接推手。 无政府状态未必导致全面崩溃,而苛政则几乎必然会引发社会的极端混乱。真正决定社会是否稳定、人民是否幸福的,是政府的治理模式和制度设计。 历史的教训:避免苛政,才能实现长久稳定 苛政猛于虎,唯有真正尊重和保障个体的权利,建立合理的治理体系,社会才能真正走向繁荣和长治久安。

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